Subunit respiratory syncytial virus preparation

ABSTRACT

The fusion (F) protein, attachment (G) protein and matrix (M) protein of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are isolated and purified from respiratory syncytial virus by mild detergent extraction of the proteins from concentrated virus, loading the protein onto a hydroxyapatite or other ion-exchange matrix column and eluting the protein using mild salt treatment. The F, G and M proteins, formulated as immunogenic compositions, are safe and highly immunogenic and protect relevant animal models against decreased caused by respiratory syncytial virus infection.

REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application is a continuation-in-part of copending U.S.patent application Ser. No. 09/214,605 filed Jul. 11, 1997 which itselfis a United States National Phase filing under 35 USC 371 ofPCT/CA97/00497 filed Jul. 11, 1997 and a continuation-in-part of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 08/679,060 filed Jul. 12, 1996 (now U.S.Pat. No. 6,020,182).

FIELD OF INVENTION

[0002] The present invention is related to the field of immunology andis particularly concerned with vaccine preparations against respiratorysyncytial virus infection.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] Human respiratory syncytial virus is the main cause of lowerrespiratory tract infections among infants and young children (refs. 1to 3—a list of references appears at the end of the disclosure and eachof the references in the list is incorporated herein by referencethereto). Globally, 65 million infections occur every year resulting in160,000 deaths (ref. 4). In the USA alone 100,000 children may requirehospitalization for pneumonia and bronchiolitis caused by RS virus it asingle year (refs. 5, 6). Providing inpatient and ambulatory care forchildren with RS virus infections costs in excess of $340 millionannually in the USA (ref. 7). Severe lower respiratory tract disease dueto RS virus infection predominantly occurs in infants two to six monthsof age (ref. 8). Approximately 4,000 infants in the USA die each yearfrom complications arising from severe respiratory tract disease causedby infection with RS virus and Parainfluenza type 3 virus (PIV-3). TheWorld Health Organization (WHO) and the National Institute of Allergyand Infectious Disease (NIAID) vaccine advisory committees have rankedRS virus second only to HIV for vaccine development. Evidence isaccumulating to suggest that RSV is a major cause of serious lowerrespiratory illness in elderly and immunocompromised adults (ref. 8A).

[0004] The structure and composition of RSV has been elucidated and isdescribed in detail in the textbook “Fields Virology”, Fields, B. N. etal. Raven Press, N.Y. (1996), in particular, Chapter 44, pp 1313-1351“Respiratory Syncytial Virus” by Collins, P., McIntosh, K., and Chanock,R. M. (ref. 9).

[0005] The two major protective antigens of RSV are the envelope fusion(F) and attachment (G) glycoproteins (ref. 10). The F protein issynthesized as an about 68 kDa precursor molecule (F₀) which isproteolytically cleaved into disulfide-linked F₁ (about 48 kDa) and F₂(about 20 kDa) polypeptide fragments (ref. 11). The G protein (about 33kDa) is heavily O-glycosylated giving rise to a glycoprotein of apparentmolecular weight of about 90 kDa (ref 12). Two broad subtypes of RSvirus have been defined A and B (ref. 13). The major antigenicdifferences between these subtypes are found in the G. glycoproteinwhile the F glycoprotein is more conserved (refs. 7, 14).

[0006] In addition to the antibody response generated by the F and Gglycoproteins, human cytotoxic T cells produced by RSV infection havebeen shown to recognize the RSV F protein, matrix protein M,nucleoprotein N, small hydrophobic protein SH, and the nonstructuralprotein 1b (ref 15).

[0007] A safe and effective RSV vaccine is not available and is urgentlyneeded. Approaches to the development of RS virus vaccines have includedinactivation of the virus with formalin (ref. 16), isolation ofcold-adapted and/or temperature-sensitive mutant viruses (ref 17) andpurified F or G glycoproteins (refs. 18, 19, 20). Clinical trial resultshave shown that both live attenuated and formalin-inactivated vaccinesfailed to adequately protect vaccines against RS virus infection (refs.21 to 23). Problems encountered with attenuated cold-adapted and/ortemperature-sensitive RS virus mutants administered intranasallyincluded clinical morbidity, genetic instability and overattenuaton(refs. 24 to 26). A live RS virus vaccine administered subcutaneouslyalso was not efficacious (ref. 27). Inactivated RS viral vaccines havetypically been prepared using formaldehyde as the inactivating agent.Murphy et al. (ref. 28) have reported data on the immune response ininfants and children immunized with formalin-inactivated RS virus.Infants (2 to 6 months of age) developed a high titre of antibodies tothe F glycoprotein but had a poor response to the G protein. Olderindividuals (7 to 40 months of age) developed titres of F and Gantibodies comparable to those in children who were infected with RSvirus. However, both infants and children developed a lower level ofneutralizing antibodies than did individuals of comparable age withnatural RS virus infections. The unbalanced immune response, with hightitres of antibodies to the main immunogenic RS virus proteins F(fusion) and G (attachment) proteins but a low neutralizing antibodytitre, may be in part due to alterations of important epitopes in the Fand G glycoproteins by the formalin treatment. Furthermore, some infantswho received the formalin-inactivated RS virus vaccine developed a moreserious lower respiratory tact disease following subsequent exposure tonatural RS virus than did non-immunized individuals (refs. 22, 23). Theformalin-inactivated RS virus vaccines, therefore, have been deemedunacceptable for human use.

[0008] Evidence of an aberrant immune response also was seen in cottonrats immunized with formalin-inactivated RS virus (ref 29). Furthermore,evaluation of RS virus formalin-inactivated vaccine in cotton rats alsoshowed that upon live virus challenge, immunized animals developedenhanced pulmonary histopathology (ref. 30).

[0009] The mechanism of disease potentiation caused byformalin-inactivated RS virus vaccine preparations remains to be definedbut is a major obstacle in the development of an effective RS virusvaccine. The potentiation may be partly due to the action of formalin onthe F and G glycoproteins. Additionally, a non-RS virus specificmechanism of disease potentiation has been suggested, in which animmunological response to contaminating cellular or serum componentspresent in the vaccine preparation could contribute, in part, to theexacerbated disease (ref. 31). Indeed, mice and cotton rats vaccinatedwith a lysate of HBp-2 cells and challenged with RS virus grown on HEp-2cells developed a heightened pulmonary inflammatory response.

[0010] Furthermore, RS virus glycoproteins purified by immunoaffinitychromatography using elution at acid pH were immunogenic and protectivebut also induced immunopotentiation in cotton rats (refs. 29, 32).

[0011] There clearly remains a need for immunogenic preparations,including vaccines, which are not only effective in conferringprotection against disease caused by RSV but also do not produceunwanted side-effects, such as immunopotentiation. There is also a needfor antigens for diagnosing RSV infection and immunogens for thegeneration of antibodies (including monoclonal antibodies) thatspecifically recognize RSV proteins for use, for example, in diagnosisof disease caused by RS virus.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0012] The present invention provides the production of respiratorysyncytial virus (RSV) on a vaccine quality cell line, for example, VERO,MRC5 or WI38 cells, purification of the virus from fermentor harvests,extraction of the F, G and M proteins from the purified virus andcopurification of the F, G and M proteins without involvingimmunoaffinity or lentil lectin or concanavalin A affinity steps. Inparticular, the lectin affinity procedure, described, for example, in WO91/00104 (U.S. Pat. No. 07/773,949 filed Jun. 28, 1990) assigned to theassignee hereof and the disclosure of which is incorporated herein byreference), could lead to leaching of the ligand into the product.

[0013] In addition, there is provided herein, for the first time, aprocedure for the coisolation and copurification of the F, G and Mproteins of RSV and also immunogenic compositions comprising copurifiedmixtures of the RSV proteins.

[0014] The coisolated and copurified F, G and M RSV proteins arenon-pyrogenic, non-immunopotentiating, and substantially free of serumand cellular contaminants. The isolated and purified proteins areimmunogenic, free of any infectious RSV and other adventitious agents.

[0015] Accordingly, in one aspect of the present invention, there isprovided a mixture of purified fusion (F) protein, attachment (G)protein and matrix (M) protein of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).

[0016] The fusion (F) protein may comprise multimeric fusion (F)proteins, which may include, when analyzed under non-reducingconditions, heterodimers of molecular weight approximately 70 kDa anddimeric and trimeric forms.

[0017] The attachment (G) protein may comprise, when analyzed undernon-reducing conditions, oligomeric G protein, G protein of molecularweight approximately 95 kDa and G protein of molecular weightapproximately 55 kDa.

[0018] The matrix (M) protein may comprise, when analyzed undernon-reducing conditions, protein of molecular weight approximately 28 to34 kDa.

[0019] The protein mixture provided herein, when analyzed by reducedSDS-PAGE analysis, may comprise the fusion (F) protein comprising F₁ ofmolecular weight approximately 48 kDa and F₂ of about 23 kDa, theattachment (G) protein comprising a G protein of molecular weightapproximately 95 kDa and a G protein of molecular weight approximately55 kDa, and the matrix (M) protein comprising an M protein ofapproximately 31 kDa.

[0020] The mixture provided in accordance with this aspect of theinvention may comprise, more preferably consists essentially of the F, Gand M proteins in the relative proportions of:

[0021] F about 35 to about 70 wt %

[0022] G about 2 to about 30 wt %

[0023] M about 10 to about 50 wt %

[0024] When analyzed by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions anddensitometric scanning following silver staining, the ratio of F₁ ofmolecular weight approximately 48 Da to F₂ of molecular weightapproximately 23 kDa in this mixture may be approximately between 1:1and 2:1. The mixture of F, G and M proteins may have a purity of atleast about 75%, preferably at least about 85%.

[0025] The mixture provided herein in accordance withis aspect of theinvention, having regard to the method of isolation employed herein asdescribed below, is devoid of monoclonal antibodies and devoid of lentillectin and concanavalin A.

[0026] The RSV proteins provided in the mixture of proteins providedherein generally are substantially non-denatured by the mild conditionsof preparation and may comprise RSV proteins from one or both ofsubtypes RSV A and RSV B.

[0027] In accordance with a predefined embodiment of the invention,there is provided a coisolated and copurified mixture of non-denaturedproteins of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), consisting essentially ofthe fusion (F) protein, attachment (G) protein and matrix (M) protein ofRSV, wherein the mixture is free from lentil-lectins includingconcanavalin A and from monoclonal antibodies.

[0028] In accordance with another aspect of the, present invention,there is provided an immunogenic, preparation comprising animmunoeffective amount of the mixtures provided herein.

[0029] The immunogenic compositions provided herein may be formulated asa vaccine containing the F, G and M proteins for in vivo administrationto a host, which may be a primate, specifically a human host, to conferprotection against disease caused by RSV.

[0030] The immunogenic compositions of the invention may be formulatedas microparticles, capsules, ISCOMs or liposomes. The immunogeniccompositions may further comprise at least one other immunogenic orimmunostimulating material, which may be at least one adjuvant or atleast one immunomodulator, such as cytolcines, including IL2.

[0031] The at least one adjuvant may be selected from the groupconsisting of aluminum phosphate, aluminum hydroxide, QS21, Quil A orderivatives or components thereof, calcium phosphate, calcium hydroxide,zinc hydroxide, a glycolipid analog, an octodecyl ester of an aminoacid, a muramyl dipeptide, polyphosphazene, a lipoprotein, ISCOM matrix,DC-Chol, DDA, and other adjuvants and bacterial toxins, components andderivatives thereof as, for example, described in U.S. application Ser.No. 08/258,228 filed Jun. 10, 1994, assigned to the assignee hereof andthe disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference thereto (WO95/34323). Under particular circumstances, adjuvants that induce a Th1response are desirable.

[0032] The immunogenic compositions provided herein may be formulated tocomprise at least one additional immunogen, which conveniently maycomprise a human parainfluenza virus (PIV) protein from PIV-1, PIV-2and/or PIV-3, such as the PIV F and HN proteins. However, otherimmunogens, such as from Chlamydia, polio, hepatitis B, diphtheriatoxoid, tetanus toxoid, influenza, haemophilus, B. pertussis,pneumococci, mycobacteria, hepatitis A and Moraxella also may beincorporated into the compositions, as polyvalent (combination)vaccines.

[0033] An additional aspect of the present invention provides a methodof generating an immnune response in a host by administering thereto animmunoeffective amount of the immunogenic composition provided herein.Preferably, the immunogenic composition is formulated as a vaccine forin vivo administration to the host and the administration to the host,including humans, confers protection against disease caused by RSV. Theimmune response may be humoral or a cell-mediated immune-response.

[0034] The present invention provides, in an additional aspect thereof,a method of producing a vaccine for protection against disease caused byrespiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, comprising administeringthe immunogenic composition provided herein to a test host to determinethe amount of and frequency of administration thereof to conferprotection against disease caused by a RSV; and formulating theimmunogenic composition in a form suitable for administration to atreated host in accordance with the determined amount and frequency ofadministration. The treated host may be a human.

[0035] A further aspect of the invention provides a method ofdetermining the presence in a sample of antibodies specifically reactivewith an F, G or M protein of respiratory syncytial virus ISV),comprising the steps of:

[0036] (a) contacting the sample with the mixture as provided herein toproduce complexes comprising a respiratory syncytial virus protein andany said antibodies present in the sample specifically reactivetherewith; and

[0037] (b) determining production of the complexes.

[0038] In a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a methodof determining the presence in a sample of a F, G or M protein ofrespiratory syncytial virus (RSV) comprising the steps of:

[0039] (a) immunizing a subject with the immunogenic composition asprovided herein, to produce antibodies specific for the F, G. and Mproteins of RSV;

[0040] (b) contacting the sample with the antibodies to producecomplexes comprising any RSV protein present in the sample and theprotein specific antibodies; and

[0041] (c) determining production of the complexes.

[0042] A further aspect of the invention provides a diagnostic kit fordetermining the presence of antibodies in a sample specifically reactivewith a F, G or M protein of respiratory syncytial virus, comprising:

[0043] (a) a mixture as provided herein;

[0044] (b) means for contacting the mixture with the sample to producecomplexes comprising a respiratory syncytial virus protein and any saidantibodies present in the sample; and

[0045] (c) means for determining production of the complexes.

[0046] In an additional aspect of the invention, here is provided amethod of producing monoclonal antibodies specific for F, G or Mproteins of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), comprising:

[0047] (a) administrating an immunogenic composition as provided hereinto at least one mouse to produce at least one immunized mouse,

[0048] (b) removing B-lymphocytes from the at least one immunized mouse;

[0049] (c) fusing the B-lymphocytes from the at least one immunizedmouse with myeloma cells, thereby producing hybridomas;

[0050] (d) cloning the hybridomas which produce a selected anti-RSVprotein antibody;

[0051] (e) culturing the selected anti-RSV protein antibody-producingclones; and

[0052] (f) isolating anti-RSV protein antibodies from the selectedcultures.

[0053] The present invention, in a further aspect, provides a method ofproducing a coisolated and copurified mixture of proteins of respiratorsyncytial virus, which comprises growing RSV on cells in a culturemedium, separating the grown virus from the culture medium, solubilizingat least the F, G and M proteins from the separated virus; andcoisolating and copurifing the solubilized RSV proteins.

[0054] The coisolation and copurification may be effected by loading thesolubilized proteins onto an ion-exchange matrix, preferably a calciumphosphate matrix, specifically a hydroxyapatite matrix, and selectivelycoeluting the F, G and M proteins from the ion-exchange matrix. Thegrown virus may first be washed with urea to remove contaminants withoutsubstantially removing F, G and M proteins. Any residual DNA may beremoved from the product by contacting the coeluted F, G and M proteinswith an anion exchange matrix, such as Sartobind Q.

[0055] Advantages of the present invention include:

[0056] coisolated and copurified mixtures of F, G and M proteins of RSV;

[0057] immunogenic compositions containing such proteins;

[0058] procedures for isolating such proteins; and

[0059] diagnostic kits for identification of RSV and hosts infectedthereby.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0060]FIG. 1, containing panels a and b, shows SDS-PAGE analysis of apurified RSV A subunit preparation using acrylamide gels stained withsilver, under both reduced (panel (a)) and non-reduced (panel (b))conditions;

[0061]FIG. 2, containing panels a, b, c and d, shows Western blotanalysis of a purified RSV subunit preparation under reduced conditions;

[0062]FIG. 3, containing panels a, b, c and d, shows Western blotanalysis of a purified RSV subunit preparation under non-reducedconditions;

[0063]FIG. 4 shows SDS-PAGE analysis of a purified RSV B subunitpreparation using acrylamide gels stained with silver under reducedconditions;

[0064]FIG. 5 shows a schematic flow sheet for the growth andpurification of RSV subunits from infected cells; and

[0065]FIG. 6 shows a schematic flow sheet for the large scale growth andpurification of RSV subunits from infected cells.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION

[0066] As discussed above, the present invention provides the F, G and Mproteins of RSV coisolated and copurified from RS virus. The virus isgrown on a vaccine quality cell line, such as VERO cells and humandiploid cells, such as MRC5 and WI38, and the grown virus is harvested.The fermentation may be effected in the presence of fetal bovine serum(FBS) and trypsin.

[0067] The viral harvest is filtered and then concentrated, typicallyusing tangential flow ultrafiltration with a membrane of desiredmolecular weight cut-off, and diafiltered. The virus harvest concentratemay be centrifiged and the supernatant. discarded, The pellet followingcentrifigation may first be washed with a buffer containing urea toremove soluble contaminants while leaving the F, G and M proteinssubstantially unaffected, and then recentrifuged. The pellet from thecentrifugation then is detergent extracted to solubilize the F, G and Mproteins from the pellet. Such detergent extraction may be effected byresuspending the pellet to the original harvest concentrate volume in anextraction buffer containing a detergent, such as a non-ionic detergent,including TRITON® X-100, a non-ionic detergent which is octadienylphenol (ethylene glycol)₁₀. Other detergents include octylglucoside andMega detergents.

[0068] Following centrifugation to remove non-soluble proteins, the F, Gand M protein extract is purified by chromatographic procedures. Theextract may first be applied to an ion exchange chromatography matrix topermit binding of the F, G and M proteins to the matrix while impuritiesare permitted to flow through the column. The ion-exchangechromatography matrix may be any desired chromatography material,particularly a calcium phosphate matrix, specifically hydroxyapatite,although other materials, such as DEAE and TMAE and others, may be used.

[0069] The bound F, G and M proteins then are coeluted from the columnby a suitable eluant. The resulting codified F, G and M proteins may befurther processed to increase the purity thereof

[0070] The purified F, G and M proteins employed herein may be in theform of homo and hetero oligomers including F:G heterodimers andincluding dimers, tetramers and higher species. The RSV proteinpreparations prepared following this procedure demonstrated no evidenceof any adventitious agent, hemadsorbing agent or live virus.

[0071] Groups of cotton rats were immunized intramuscularly with thepreparations provided herein in combination with alum or Iscomatrix asadjuvant. Strong anti-fusion and neutralization titres were obtained, asshown in Tables 1 and 2 below. Complete protection against virusinfection was obtained in the upper and lower respiratory tracts, asshown in Tables 3 and 4 below.

[0072] In addition, groups of mice were immunized intramuscularly withthe preparation provided herein in combination with alum, Iscomatrixpolyphosphazene and DC-_(chol) as adjuvant. Strong neutralizing andanti-F antibody ditres were obtained, as shown in Tables 5 and 6 below.In addition, complete protection against virus infection was obtained,as shown by the absence of virus in lung homogenates (Table 7 below).

[0073] Groups of monkeys also were immunized with the preparationsprovided herein in combination with alum or Iscomatrix as adjuvant.Strong neutralizing titres and anti-F antibody titres were obtained, asshown in Tables 8 and 9 below.

[0074] The animal immunization data generated herein demonstrate that,by employing mild detergent extraction of the major RSV proteins fromvirus and mild salt elution of the proteins from the ion-exchangematrix, there are obtained copurified mixtures of the F, G and M RSVproteins which are capable of eliciting an immune response inexperimental animals models that confers protection against RSVchallenge.

[0075] The invention extends to the mixture of F, G and M proteins fromrespiratory syncytial virus for use as a pharmaceutical substance as anactive ingredient in a vaccine against disease caused by infection withrespiratory syncytial virus.

[0076] In a further aspect, the invention provides the use of A, G and Mproteins from respiratory syncytial virus for the preparation of avaccinal composition for immunization against disease caused byinfection with respiratory syncytial virus.

[0077] It is clearly apparent to one skilled in the art, that thevarious embodiments of the present invention have many applications inthe fields of vaccination, diagnosis and treatment of respiratorysyncytial virus infections, and the generation of immunological agents.A further-non-limiting discussion of such issue is further presentedbelow.

[0078] 1. Vaccine Preparation and Use

[0079] Immunogenic compositions, suitable to be used as vaccines, may beprepared from mixtures comprising immunogenic F, G and M proteins of RSVas disclosed herein. The immunogenic composition elicits an immuneresponse which produces antibodies, including anti-RSV antibodiesincluding anti-F, anti-G and anti-M antibodies. Such antibodies may beviral neutralizing and/or anti-fusion antibodies.

[0080] Immunogenic compositions including vaccines may be prepared asinjectables, as liquid solutions, suspensions or emulsions. The activeimmunogenic ingredient or ingredients may be mixed with pharmaceuticallyacceptable excipients which are compatible therewith Such excipients mayinclude water, saline, dextrose, glycerol, ethanol, and combinationsthereof The immunogenic compositions and vaccines may further containauxiliary substances, such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pHbuffering agents, or adjuvants to enhance the effectiveness thereof.Immunogenic compositions and vaccines may be administered parentally, byinjection subcutaneous, intradermal or intramuscularly injection.Alternatively, the immunogenic compositions formed according to thepresent invention, may be formulated and delivered in a manner to evokean immune response at mucosal surfaces. Thus, the immunogeniccomposition may be administered to mucosal surfaces by, for example, thenasal or oral (intragastric) routes. Alternatively, other modes ofadministration including suppositories and oral formulations may bedesirable. For suppositories, binders and carriers may include, forexample, polyalkalene glycols or triglycerides. Such suppositories maybe formed from mixtures containing the active immunogenic ingredient(s)in the range of about 0.5 to about 10%, preferably about 1 to 2%. Oralformulations may include normally employed carriers such as,pharmaceutical grades of saccharine, cellulose and magnesium carbonate.These compositions can take the form of solutions, suspensions, tablets,pills, capsules, sustained release formulations or powders and containabout 1 to 95% of the active ingredient(s), preferably about 20 to about75%.

[0081] The immunogenic preparations and vaccines are administered in amanner compatible with the dosage formulation, and in such amount aswill be therapeutically effective, immunogenic and protective. Thequantity to be administered depends on the subject to be treated,including, for example, the capacity of the individual's immune systemto synthesize antibodies, and if needed, to produce a cell-mediatedimmune response. Precise amounts of active ingredient required to beadministered depend on the judgment of the practitioner. However,suitable dosage ranges are readily determinable by one skilled in theart and may be of the order of micrograms to milligrams of the activeingredient(s) per vaccination. Suitable regimes for initialadministration and boosted doses are also variable, but may include aninitial administration followed by subsequent booster administrations.The dosage may also depend on the route of administration and will varyaccording to the size of the host.

[0082] The concentration of the active ingredient protein in animmunogenic composition according to the invention is in general about 1to 95%. A vaccine which contains antigenic material of only one pathogenis a monovalent vaccine. Vaccines which contain antigenic material ofseveral pathogens are combined vaccines and also belong to the presentinvention. Such combined vaccines contain, for example, material fromvarious pathogens or from various strains of the same pathogen, or fromcombinations of various pathogens. In the present invention, as notedabove, F, G and M proteins of RSV A and RSV B are combined in a singlemultivalent immunogenic composition which also may contain otherimmunogens.

[0083] Immunogenicity can be significantly improved if the antigens areco-administered with adjuvants. Adjuvants enhance the immunogenicity ofan antigen but are not necessarily immunogenic themselves. Adjuvants mayact by retaining the antigen locally near the site of administration toproduce a depot effect facilitating a slow, sustained release of antigento cells of the immune system. Adjuvants can also attract cells of theimmune system to an antigen depot and stimulate such cells to elicitimmune responses.

[0084] Immunostimulatory agents or adjuvants have been used for manyyears to improve the host immune responses to, for example, vaccines.htrinsic adjuvants, such as lipopolysaccharides, normally are thecomponents of the killed or attenuated bacteria used as vaccines.Extrinsic adjuvants are immunomodulators which are formulated to enhancethe host immune responses. Thus, adjuvants have been identified thatenhance the immune response to antigens delivered parentally. Some ofthese adjuvants are toxic, however, and can cause undesirableside-effects, making them unsuitable for use in humans and many animals.Indeed, only aluminum-hydroxide and aluminum phosphate (collectivelycommonly referred to as alum) are routinely used as adjuvants in humanand veterinary vaccines. The efficacy of alum in increasing antibodyresponses to diphtheria and tetanus toxoids is well established and aHBsAg vaccine has been adjuvanted with alum. While the usefulness ofalum is well established for some applications, it has limitations. Forexample, alum is ineffective for influenza vaccination and usually doesnot elicit a cell mediated immune response. The antibodies elicited byalum-adjuvanted antigens we mainly of the IgG1 isotype in the mouse,which may not be optimal for protection by some vaccinal agents.

[0085] A wide range of extrinsic adjuvants can provoke potent immuneresponses to antigens. These include saponins complexed to membraneprotein antigens (immune stimulating complexes), pluronic polymers withmineral oil, killed mycobacteria in mineral oil, Freund's incompleteadjuvant, bacteral products, such as muramyl dipeptide (DMP) andlipopolysaccharide (LPS), as well as lipid A, and liposomes.

[0086] To efficiently induce humoral immune responses (HIR) andcell-mediated immunity (CMI), immunogens are often emulsified inadjuvants. Many adjuvants are toxic, inducing granulomas, acute andchronic inflammations (Freund's complete adjuvant, FCA), cytolysis(saponins and Pluronic polymers) and pyrogenicity, arthritis andanterior uveitis (LPS and MDP). Although FCA is an excellent adjuvantand widely used in research, it is not licensed for use in human orveterinary vaccines because of its toxicity.

[0087] 2. Immunoassays

[0088] The F, G and M proteins of RSV of the present invention areuseful as immunogens for the generation of antibodies thereto, asantigens in immunoassays including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays(ELISA), RIAs and other non-enzyme linked antibody binding assays orprocedures known in the art for the detection of antibodies. In ELISAassays, the selected F, G or M protein or a mixture of proteins isimmobilized onto a selected surface, for example, a surface capable ofbinding proteins such as the wells of a polystyrene microtiter plate.After washing to remove incompletely adsorbed material, a nonspecificprotein, such as a solution of bovine serum albumin (BSA) that is knownto be antigenically neutral with regard to the test sample may be boundto the selected surface. This allows for blocking of nonspecificadsorption sites on the immobilizing surface and thus reduces thebackground caused by nonspecific binding of proteins in the antiseraonto the surface.

[0089] The immobilizing surface is then contacted with a sample, such asclinical or biological materials, to be tested in a manner conducive toimmune complex (antigen/antibody) formation. This may include dilutingthe sample with diluents, such as solutions of BSA, bovine gammaglobulin (BGG) and/or phosphate buffered saline (PBS)/Tween. The sampleis then allowed to incubate for from about 2 to 4 hours, attemperatures, such as of the order of about 25° to 37° C. Followingincubation, the sample-contacted surface is washed to removenon-immunocomplexed material. The washing procedure may include washingwith a solution, such as PBS/Tween or a borate buffer. Followingformation of specific immunocomplexes between the test sample and thebound protein, and subsequent washing, the occurrence, and even amount,of immunocomplex formation may be determined by subjecting theimmunocomplex to a second antibody having specificity for the firstantibody. If the test sample is of human origin, the second antibody isan antibody having specificity for human immunoglobulins and in generalIgG. To provide detecting means, the second antibody may have anassociated activity such as an enzymatic activity that will generate,for example, a color development upon incubating with an appropriatechromogenic substrate. Quantification may then be achieved by measuringthe degree of color generation using, for example, a spectrophotometer.

EXAMPLES

[0090] The above disclosure generally describes the present invention. Amore complete understanding can be obtained by reference to thefollowing specific Examples. These Examples are described solely forpurposes of illustration and are not intended to limit the scope of theinvention. Changes in form and substitution of equivalents arecontemplated as circumstances may suggest or render expedient. Althoughspecific terms have been employed herein, such terms are intended in adescriptive sense and not for purposes of limitation.

[0091] Methods of determining tissue culture infectious dose₅₀(TCID₅₀/mL), plaque and neutralization titres, not explicitly describedin this disclosure are amply reported in the scientific literature andwell within the scope of those skilled in the art. Proteinconcentrations were determined by the bicinchoninic acid (BCA) method asdescribed in the Pierce Manual (23220, 23225; Pierce Chemical company,U.S.A.), incorporated herein by reference.

[0092] CMRL 1969 and Iscove's Modified Dulbeeco's Medium (IMDM) culturemedia were used for cell culture and virus growth. The cells used inthis study are vaccine quality African green monkey kidney cells (VEROlot M6) obtained from Institut Mérieux. The RS viruses used were the RSvirus subtype A (Long and A2 strains) obtained from the American Typeculture Collection (ATCC), a recent subtype A clinical isolate and RSVsubtype 3 clinical isolate from Baylor College of Medicine.

EXAMPLE 1

[0093] This Example illustrates the production of RSV on a mammaliancell line on microcarrier beads in a 150 L controlled fermenter,

[0094] Vaccine quality African green monkey kidney cells (VERO) at aconcentration of 10⁵ cells/mL were added to 60 L of CAL 1969 medium, pH7.2 in a 150 L bioreactor containing 360 g of Cytodex-1 microcarrierbeads and stirred for 2 hours. An additional 60 L of CMRL 1969 was addedto give a total volume of 120 L. Fetal bovine serum was added to achievea final concentration of 3.5%. Glucose was added to a finalconcentration of 3 g/L and L-glutamine was added to a finalconcentration of 0.6 g/L. Dissolved oxygen (40%), pH (7.2), agitation(36 rpm), and temperate (37° C.) were controlled. Cell growth, glucose,lactate, and glutamine levels were monitored. At day 4, the culturemedium was drained from the fermenter and 100 L of E199 media (no fetalbovine serum) was added and stirred for 10 minutes. The fermentor wasdrained and filled again with 120 L of E199.

[0095] An RSV inoculum of RSV subtype A was added at a multiplicity ofinfection (M.O.I.) of 0.001 and the culture was then maintained for 3days before one-third to one-half of the medium was drained and replacedwith fresh medium. On day 6 post-infection, the stirring was stopped andthe beads allowed to settle. The viral culture fluid was drained andfiltered through a 20 μm filter followed by a 3 μm filter prior to firerprocessing.

[0096] The clarified viral harvest was concentrated 75- to 150-foldusing tangential flow ultrafiltration with 300 NMWL membranes anddiafiltered with phosphate buffered saline containing 10% glycerol. Theviral concentrate was stored frozen at −70° C. prior to furtherpurification.

EXAMPLE 2

[0097] This Example illustrates the process of purifying RSV subunitfrom a viral concentrate of RSV subtype A.

[0098] A solution of 50% polyethylene glycol-8000 was added to analiquot of virus concentrate prepared as described in Example 1 to givea final concentration of 6%. After sting at room temperature for onehour, the mixture was centrifuged at 15,000 RPM for 30 min in a SorvallSS-34 rotor at 4° C. The viral pellet was suspended in 1 mM sodiumphosphate, pH 6.8, 2 M urea, 0.15 M NaCl, stirred for 1 hour at roomtemperature, and then recentrifuged at 15,000 RPM for 30 min. in aSorvall SS-34 rotor at 4° C. The viral pellet was then suspended in 1 mMsodium phosphate, pH 6.8, 50 mM NaCl, 1% Triton X-100 and stirred for 30minutes at room temperature. The insoluble virus core was removed bycentrifugation at 15,000 RPM for 30 min. in a Sorval SS-34 rotor at 4°C. The soluble protein supernatant was applied to a column of ceramichydroxyapatite (type II, Bio-Rad Laboratories) and the column was tenwashed with five column volumes of 1 mM sodium phosphate, pH 6.8, 50 mMNaCl, 0.02% Triton X-100. The RSV subunit composition from RSV subtypeA, containing the F, G and M proteins, was obtained by eluting thecolumn with 10 column volumes of 1 mM sodium phosphate, pH 6.8, 400 mMNaCl, 0.02% Triton X-100.

EXAMPLE 3

[0099] This Example illustrates the analysis of RSV subunit preparationobtained from RSV subtype A by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(SDS-PAGE) and by immunoblotting.

[0100] The RSV subunit composition prepared as described in Example 2was analyzed by SDS-PAGE using 12.5% acrylamide gels. Samples wereelectophoresed in the presence or absence of 2-mercapteethanol (reducingagent). Gels were stained with silver stain to detect the viral proteins(FIG. 1, panels a and b). Immunoblots of replicate gels were preparedand probed with a mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb 5353C75) to Fglycoprotein (FIGS. 2, panel a and 3, panel a), or a mouse monoclonal,antibody (mAb 131-2G), to G glycoprotein FIGS. 2, panel b and 3, panelb) or guinea pig anti-serum (gp178) against an RSV M peptide (peptidesequence: LKSKNMLTTVKDLTMKTLhNPTHDMIALCEFEN—SEQ ID No:1) (FIGS. 2, panelc and 3, panel c), or goat antiserum (Virostat #0605) against whole RSV(FIGS. 2, panel d and 3, panel d). Densitometric analysis of thesilver-stained gel of the RSV subunit preparation electrophored underreducing conditions indicated a compositional distribution as follows:

[0101] G glycoprotein (95 kDa form)=10%

[0102] F₁ glycoprotein (48 kDa)=30%.

[0103] M protein(31 kDa)=23%

[0104] F₂ glycoprotein (23 kDa)=19%

[0105] The F glycoprotein migrates under non-reducing conditions as aheterodimer of approximately 70 kDa (F₀) as well as higher oligomericforms (dimers and trimers) (FIG. 3, panel s).

EXAMPLE 4

[0106] This Example illustrates the immunogenicity of the RSV subunitpreparation in cotton rats.

[0107] Groups of five cotton rats were immunized intramuscularly (0.1mL) on days 0 and 28 with 1 μg or 10 μg the RSV subunit preparationsproduced as described in Example 2 and formulated with either 1.5mg/dose alum or 5 μg/dose Iscomatrix™ (Iscotec, Sweden). Blood sampleswere obtained on day 41 and assayed for anti-fusion titres andneutralization titres. The rats were challenged intranasally on day 43with RSV and sacrificed four days later. Lavages of the lungs and nasopharynx were collected and assayed for RV titres. Strong anti-fusion andneutralizing antibody titres were induced as shown in Tables 1 and 2below. In addition, complete protection against virus infection wasobtained with the exception of one rat, in both the upper and lowerrespiratory tracts (Tables 3 and 4 below),

EXAMPLE 5

[0108] This Example illustrates the immunogenicity of the RSV subunitpreparation in mice.

[0109] Groups of six BALB/c mice were immunized intramuscularly (0.1 mL)on days 0 and 28 with various doses of the RSV subunit preparation,produced as described in Example 2 and formulated with either 1.5mg/dose alum, 10 μg/dose Iscomatrix®, 200 μg/dose polyphosphazene (PCPP)or 200 μg/dose DC-chol. The various preparations tested are set forth inTables 5, 6 and 7 below. Blood samples were obtained on days 28 and 42and assayed for neutralizing antibody titres and anti-F antibody titres.The mice were challenged on day 44 with RSV and sacrificed four dayslater. Lungs were removed and homogenized to determine virus titres.Strong neutralization titres and anti-F antibody titres were elicited asshown in Tables 5 and 6 below. In addition, complete protection againstvirus infection was obtained as shown by the absence of virus in lunghomogenates and nasal washes (Table 7 below).

EXAMPLE 6

[0110] This Example illustrates the immunogenicity of RSV subunitpreparation in African green monkeys.

[0111] Groups of four monkeys were immunized intramuscularly (0.5 mL) ondays 0 and 21 with 100 μg of the RSV subunit preparation, produced asdescribed in Example 2 and formulated with either 1.5 mg/dose alum or 50g/dose Iscomatrix™. Blood samples were obtained on days 21, 35 and 49and assayed for neutralizing and anti-F antibody titres. Strongneutralizing and anti-F antibody titres were obtained as shown in Tables8 and 9 below.

EXAMPLE 7

[0112] This Example futher illustrates the production of RSV or amammalian cell line or microbeads in a 150L controlled fermenter.

[0113] Vaccine quality African green monkey kidney cells (Vero cells)were added to 150L of Iscove's Modified Dulbecco's Medium (IMDM)containing 3.5% fetal bovine serum, pH 7,2, to a final concentration of2×10⁵ cells/mL (range 1.5 to 3.5 cells/mL), in a 150 L bioreactorcontaining 450 g of Cytodex-1 microcarrier beads (3 g/L). Following cellinoculation, dissolved oxygen (40 percent air saturation (range 25 to40%)), pH (7.1±0.2), agitation (36±2 rpm), and temperature (37°±0.5° C.)were controlled. Initial cell attachment to beads, cell growth (cellnumber determination), and growth medium levels of glucose and lactatewere monitored on a daily basis. Infection of the Vero cell cultureoccurred three to four days following initiation of cell growth, whenthe concentration of cells was in the range 1.5 to 2.0×10⁶ cells/mL.Agitation was stopped and the microcarrier beads were allowed to settlefor 60 minutes and the culture medium was drained from the bioreactorusing a drain line placed approximately 3 cm above the settled beadvolume. Seventy-five L of IMDM without fetal bovine serum (wash medium)was added and the mixture stirred at 36 rpm for 10 minutes. Theagitation was stopped and the microcarrier beads allowed to settle for30 minutes. The wash medium was removed using the drain line and thenthe bioreactor was filled to 75 L half volume) with IMDM without fetalbovine serum.

[0114] For infection, an RSV inoculum of RSV subtype B was added at amultiplicity of infection (M.O.I.) of 0.001 and virus adsorption tocells at half volume was carried out for 2 hours with stirring at 36rpm. Seventy-five L of IMDM was then added to the bioreactor to a finalvolume of 150 L. Following infection, dissolved oxygen (40 percent airsaturation (range 10-40%)), pH (7.25±0.1), agitation (36±2 rpm) andtemperature (37°35 0.5° C.) were controlled. Following infection, cellgrowth (cell number determination) medium, glucose and lactate levels,RSV F and G antigens and RSV infectivity were monitored on a dailybasis. On day 3 following infection, agitation was stopped, themicrocarrier beads were allowed to settle for 60 minutes, and 75 L (50%)of the medium was removed via the drain line and replaced with freshmedium. Eight days (range seven to nine days) following infection, whencomplete virus-induced cytopathic effect was observed (i.e. cells weredetached from the microcarrier beads, and oxygen was no longer beingconsumed by the culture), the agitator was stopped and the microcarrierbeads were allowed to settle for 60 minutes. The virus containingculture fluid was removed from the bioreactor and transferred to aholding vessel. Seventy-five L of IMDM without fetal bovine serum wasadded to the bioreactor and agitated at 75 rpm for 30 minutes. Themicrocarrier beads were allowed to settle for 30 minutes, the rinsefluid was removed from the bioreactor and combined with the harvestedmaterial in the holding vessel.

[0115] The harvested material was concentrated approximately 20-fold bytangential flow filtration (i.e. virus-containing material was retainedby the membrane) using a 500 or 1000 kilodalton (K) ultrafiltrationmembrane or alternatively a 0.45 μM microfiltration membrane to a finalvolume of 10L. The concentrated material was diafiltered with 10 volumesof phosphate-buffered saline, pH 7.2. The diafiltered viral concentratewas stored frozen at −70° C. prior to further purification.

EXAMPLE 8

[0116] This Example illustrates the process of purifying RSV subunitfrom a viral concentrate of RSV subtype B.

[0117] A virus concentrate, prepared as described in Example 7, wascentrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 30 man in a Sorvall SS-34 rotor at 4° C.The viral pellet was then suspended in 1 mM sodium phosphate, pH 6.8,300 mM NaCl, 2% Triton X-100 and stirred for 36 minutes at roomtemperature. The insoluble virus core was removed by centrifigation at15,000 RPM for 30 min in a Sorval SS-34 rotor at 4° C. The solubleprotein supernatant was applied to a column of ceramic hydroxyapatite(type I, Bio-Rad Laboratories) and the column was then washed with tencolumn volumns of 1 mM sodium phosphate, pH 6.8, 10 mM NaCl, 0.02%Triton X-100. The RSV subunit composition, containing the F, G and Mprotein, was obtained by eluting the column with 10 column volumes of 1mM sodium phosphate, pH 6.8, 600 mM NaCl, 0.02% Triton X-100, In someinstances, the RSV subunit composition was further purified by firstdiluting the eluate from the first ceramic hydroxyapatite column tolower the NaCl concentration to 400 mM NaCl and then applying thediluted submit onto a column of ceramic hydroxyapatite (type II, Bio-RadLaboratories). The flowthrough from his column is the purified RSVsubunit composition from RSV subtype B.

EXAMPLE 9

[0118] This Example illustrates the analysis of RSV subunit preparationobtained from RSV subtype B by SDS polyacryamide gel electrophoresis(SDS-PAGE).

[0119] The RSV subunit composition prepared as described in Example 8was analyzed by SDS-PAGE using a 15.0% acrylamide gel. The sample waselectrophoresed in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol (reducing agent).The gel was stained with silver stain to detect the viral proteins (FIG.4). Densitometric analysis of the silver-stained gel of the RSV subunitpreparation under reducing conditions indicated a compositionaldistribution of the proteins as follows:

[0120] G glycoprotein (95 kDa form)=21%

[0121] F₁ glycoprotein (48 kDa)=19%

[0122] M protein (31 kDa)=22%

[0123] F₂ glycoprotein (23 kDa)=20%

EXAMPLE 10

[0124] This Example illustrates growing and purifying RSV sub-units frominfected cells (see FIG. 5).

[0125] VERO cells (Lot LS-7) were grown for three passages in staticculture at 37° C. in medium (CMRL 1969) containing 10% v/v PBS. Thecells were then transferred to a 50-L bioreactor containingmicrocarriers and to T150 control cell flasks in medium (CMRL 1969)containing 3.5% v/v FBS and incubated for 3 to 5 days at 37° C. Thesecells were then transferred to a 150-L bioreactor containingmicrocarriers in medium containing 3.5% v/v FBS and incubated for 3 to 5days at 37° C. After 3 to 4 days of growth at 37° C. in the 150-Lbioreactor, the microcarriers are allowed to settle and the growthmedium was removed. The cells were then washed once with serum-freemedium and the microcarriers were allowed to settle and the mediumremoved. The cells were then infected with RSV A in 1500 L serum-freemedium. After 3 to 4 days post-infection, the microcarriers are allowedto settle, and half of the volume of medium was replaced with serum-freemedium. The cells were then incubated for a further 4 to 6 days at 37°C.

[0126] The cells were then harvested and filtered trough a 100 μm sieveand washed with 500 L of PBS. The microcarrier-free material wascollected in a holding tank and concentrated by tangential flowfiltration on a 500-kDa filter membrane This material was concentratedapproximately 20-fold and diafiltered using Dulbecco's PBS.

[0127] The virus infected cells and cell associated virus were thencollected by batch centrifugation for 30 minutes at 5,000× g. The pelletwas resuspend in 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer, containing 300 mM NaCl.The resuspended pellet was then extracted with 2% w/v Triton® X-100 andstirred at 35° to 39° C. for 1 hour. The extract containing soluble F, Gand M viral proteins was then clarified the extract by centrifigationfor 60 min at 25,000× g. The supernatant was then diluted 3- to 5-foldwith 2% w/v Triton® X-100 solution and further clarified by filtrationthrough an absolute 0.2-μm filter.

[0128] The filtered extract was then maintained at 35 to 39° C. for 24hours with mixing for RSV Us inactivation. To the extract. 2% w/vTriton®X-100 was added to dilute the supernatant 10-fold as compared toinitial volume of supernatant. The eject containing F, G and M proteinswas then loaded onto a ceramic hydroxyapatite type II chromatographycolumn and the column equilibrated with 1 mM sodium phosphate buffer,containing 30 mM NaCl and 0.02% w/v Triton® X-100.

[0129] F, G and M proteins were then eluted with 1 mM sodium phosphatebuffer, containing 550 mM NaCl and 0.02% w/V Triton® X-100 andconcentrated by ultrafiltration on a 10-kDa filter membrane anddiafiltered with 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer, containing 150 mM NaCland 0.01% w/v Triton®X-100. The resulting solution containing F, G and Mproteins was sterilized using a 0.2 μm absolute filter. This representsthe concentrated purified bulk (FIG. 5).

[0130] The concentrated bulk had a composition distribution: Fglycoprotein 48 wt% G glycoprotein  5 wt% M Protein 42 wt% Proteinimpurities 5  wt%

EXAMPLE 11

[0131] This Example describes the formulation of vaccines and testing inhumans.

[0132] RSV sub-unit preparations, produced according to Example 10, wereused to formulate an alum-adjuvanted vaccine and a placebo control thatcontained only alum. The total protein present in a single dose of thevaccines of the antigens RSV F, G, and M was 100 μg, present in 0.5 mLof phosphate buffered saline. In the alum-adjuvanted vaccine, there was1.5 mg of alum per 0.5 mL of vaccine,

[0133] The vaccines were assessed for stability for 42 months at 5° C.,5 months at 25° C. and 5 weeks at 37° C. to ensure physical andbiological stability over time. Stability studies indicated that the Pand G antigens in the alum-adjuvanted vaccines are stable at 25° C. forat least 6 weeks.

[0134] The vaccine preparations were used to immunize adults, 65 yearsof age or older. Blood samples were obtained on day 0 (day ofimmunization), day 32, day 60 and day 180, RSV serology was performed onthe serum samples as follows:

[0135] RSV neutralizaon assays by a plaque reduction method (NA) againstRSV A and RSV B as follows:

[0136] 1. A colourmetric 96-well plaque reduction assay in tissueculture cells was performed on human sera to assess the neutralizationtitre. The titre is defined as the amount of human sera requited toneutralize 60% of a standard RSV A virus sample. The assay is based onPrince et al. (ref. 33).

[0137] The sera were heat-inactivated at 56° C. for 30 minutes. Thesamples were then diluted in 3-fold serial steps in a 96-well plates andmixed with an equal volume of RSV A (Long strain 30 to 70 pfu) in assaymedia containing 10% guinea pig complement.

[0138] After incubation for 1 hour at 37° C., the mixture was inoculatedonto VERO cells for 1 to 2 hours. The inoculum was then removed and theVERO cells overlaid with 0.75% methyloellulose and incubated for 4 to 5days. After the 4-day incubation, the cells were fixed with a mixture of2% formaldehyde and 0.2% glutaraldehyde. Viral plaques were thenvisualized by immunostaining using a monoclonal antibody to the RSV Fprotein, followed by a donkey anti-mouse IgG F(ab′)2 -horseradishperoxidase conjugate. The enzyme substrates were tetramethylbenzidirine(TMB) and hydrogen peroxide. The neutralization titre is expressed asthe reciprocal of the dilution which results in 60% reduction in plaqueformation as determined by linear interpolation analysis (Tables 1 to3).

[0139] 2. F glycoprotein-specific antibodies were measured by enzymelinked immunoassay LISA). Enzyme linked immunosorbert assays (ELISA) aregenerally known in the art. Briefly, this ELISA assay is for thedetection and quantitation of human IgG antibodies to the Fusion (F)protein of Respiratory Syncytial Virus A (RSVA F). The assay utilizesmicrotiter plates coated with purified RSV-F antigen to sequesterF-specific IgG antibodies and peroxidase-coupled antibodies to human IgGas the indicator.

[0140] Microtitre plates were coated with purified RSV-F antigen for 16to 24 hours. The coating solution was blotted, and the plates wereincubated with a blocking solution and then washed. Dilutions of serumstandard, control sera and test samples were added to the wells. Theplates were incubated and washed. Horseradish peroxidase(HRP)-conjugated anti-human IgO was added at the working dilution. Theplates were incubated and washed again. Tetramethyl benzidine (TV) wasdiluted to the working concentration in hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) wasadded and the plates were incubated further. The reaction was quenchedwith 1 M sulphuric acid (H₂SO₄) and the colour reaction measured byreading the optical density (O.D.) of each well.

[0141] In this procedure, a test sample containing IgG antibodies toRSV-F forms a 3-layer sandwich attached to the solid phase (mirotitreplate). The intensity of colour development in each well is directlyproportional to the amount of anti-human IgG peroxidase attached to thesolid phase and, therefore, to the anti-RSV-F IgG content of the testsample. To quantitate the amount of anti-RSV-F IgG in each test sample,eight (8) 2-fold dilutions of each sample are tested against a seriallydiluted standard. Two controls, a positive and a negative, are includedon each plate. Antibody levels are expressed in ELISA units (E.U.),obtained by assigning 100,000 E.U. to the Serum Standard.

[0142] 3. G glycoprotein-specific antibodies were measured by enzymelinked immunoassay (ELISA). Briefly, this ELISA assay is for thedetection and quantitation of human IgG antibodies to the attachmentglycoprotein (G) of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV). The assayutilizes microtitre plates coated with purified RSV-G antigen to bindG-specific IgG antibodies and peroxidase-coupled, antibodies to humanIgG as the indicator.

[0143] Microtitre plates were coated with purified RSV-G antigen for 16to 24 hours. The coating solution was blotted, and the plates wereincubated with a blocking solution and then washed. Dilutions of serumstandard, control sera and test samples were added to the wells. Theplates were incubated and washed. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP)conjugated anti-human IgG was added at the working dilution. The plateswere incubated and washed again. Tetramethyl benzidine (TMB) diluted tothe working concentration in hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) was added and theplates were incubated fierier. The reaction was quenched with 1Msulphuric acid (H₂SO₄) and the colour reaction measured by reading theoptical density (O.D.) of each well.

[0144] In this procedure, a test sample containing IgG antibodies toRSV-G forms a 3-layer sandwich attached to the, solid phase (microtitreplate). The intensity of colour development in each well is directlyproportional to the amount of anti-human IgG peroxidase attached to thesolid phase and, therefore, to the anti-RSV-G IgG content of the testsample. To quantitate the amount of anti-RSV-G I&G in each test sample,eight (8) 2-fold dilutions of each sample were tested against aserially-diluted standard Two controls, a positive and a negative, wereincluded on each plate. Antibody levels are expressed in ELISA units(E.U.), obtained by assigning 100,000 E.U. to the Serin Standard.

[0145] The immunogenicity of the vaccine preparation is shown in Table10 as the geometric mean titer and the 95% confidence intervals for thevaccine adjuvanted with alum and the alum control.

[0146] Tables 10 and 11 show the number of vaccines in which there was agreater or equal to 2-fold increase in antibody titer (Table 11) or4-fold increase in antibody titer (Table 12) compared topre-immunization titers.

EXAMPLE 12

[0147] This Example illustrates large-scale growth and purification ofRSV sub-units from infected cells (see FIG. 6).

[0148] VERO cells (Lot LS-7) were grown for two passages in staticculture at 37° C. in medium (CMRL 1969) containing 10% v/v FBS. Thecells were then transferred to a 50-L bioreactor containingmicrocarriers and to T150 control cell flasks in medium (CMRL 1969)containing 3,5% v/v FBS and incubated for 3 to 5 days at 37° C. Thesecells were then transferred to a 200-L bioreactor containingmicrocarriers in medium containing 3.5% V/V FBS and incubated for 3 to 5days at 37° C. These cells were then transferred to a 2000-L bioreactorcontaining microcarriers and incubated for 3 to 5 days at 37° C. After 3to 4 days of growth at 37° C. in the 200-L bioreactor, the microcarriersare allowed to settle and the growth medium was removed. The cells werethen washed once with serum-free medium and the microcarriers wereallowed to settle and the medium removed. The cells were then infectedwith RSV A. After 3 to 4 days post-infection, the microcarriers areallowed to settle.

[0149] The cells were then harvested and filtered through a 100 μm sieveand washed with PBS. The microcarrier-free material was collected in aholding tank and concentrated by tangential flow filtration on a 500-kDafilter membrane. This material was concentrated approximately 20-foldand diafiltered using Dulbecco's PBS.

[0150] The virus infected cells and cell associated virus were thencollected by batch centrifugation for 30 minutes at 5,000× g. The pelletwas resuspend in 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer, containing 300 mM NaCl.The resuspended pellet was then extracted with 2% w/v Triton® X-100 andstirred at 35° to 39° C. for 1 hour. The extract containing soluble F, Gand M viral proteins was then clarified the extract by centrifugationfor 60 min at 25,000× g. The supernatant was then diluted 3- to 5-foldwith 2% w/V Triton® X-100 solution and further clarified by filtrationthough an absolute 0.2-μm filter.

[0151] The filtered extract was then maintained at 35 to 39° C. for 24hours with mixing for RSV virus inactivation. To the extract, 2% w/vTriton® X-100 was added to dilute the supernatant 10-fold as compared toinitial volume of supernatant. The extract containing F, G and Mproteins was then loaded onto a ceramic hydroxyapatite type IIchromatography column and the column equilibrated with 1 mM sodiumphosphate buffer, containing 30 mM NaCl and 0.02% w/v Triton® X-100.

[0152] F, G and M proteins were then eluted with 1 mM sodium phosphatebuffer, containing 550 mM NaCl, and 0.02% w/v Triton® X-100 andconcentrated by ultrafiltration on a 10-kDa filter membrane anddiafiltered with 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer, containing 150 mM NaCland 0.01% w/v Triton® X-100. The resulting solution then was passedthrough a sartobind Q (Sartorius) chromatography column to removeresidual DNA by micron-exchange adsorption. The resulting solutioncontaining F, G and M proteins was sterilized using a 0.2 μm absolutefilter. This represents the concentrated purified bulk (FIG. 6).

SUMMARY OF DISCLOSURE

[0153] In summary of this disclosure, the present invention provides acoisolated and purified mixture of F, G and M proteins of RSV which isable to protect against RSV in relevant animal models of infection.Modifications are possible within the scope of this invention. TABLE 1Serum Anti-Fusion Titres in Cotton Rats Group Mean titre (log₂) Std.Dev. (log₂) Alum placebo 2.0 0.0 Iscomatrix ™ placebo 2.3 0.5 RSVSubunit 1 μg with Alum 8.0 1.0 RSV Subunit 10 μg with Alum 7.5 1.0 RSVSubunit 1 μg with Iscomatrix ™ 10.4 1.3 RSV Subunit 10 μg withIscomatrix ™ 10.0 1.6

[0154] TABLE 2 Serum Neutralization Titres in Cotton Rats Group Meantitre (log₂) Std. Dev. (log₂) Alum placebo 2.0 0.0 Iscomatrix ™ placebo2.0 0.0 RSV Subunit 1μg with Alum 9.6 1.3 RSV Subunit 10 μg with Alum10.0 1.4 RSV Subunit 1 μg with Iscomatrix ™ 10.6 1.1 RSV Subunit 10 μgwith Iscomatrix ™ 11.2 1.1

[0155] TABLE 3 Pulmonary Wash RSV Titres in Cotton Rats Mean titre Std.Dev. Group (log₁₀/g lung) (log₁₀/g lung) Alum placebo 3.8 0.4Iscomatrix ™ placebo 3.7 0.5 RSV Subunit 1 μg with Alum 0.4 0.8 RSVSubunit 10 μg with Alum 0.0 0.0 RSV Subunit 1 μg with Iscomatrix ™ 0.00.0 RSV Subunit 10 μg with Iscomatrix ™ 0.0 0.0

[0156] TABLE 4 Nasal Wash RSV Titres in Cotton Rats Mean titre Std. Dev.Group (log₁₀/g lung) (log₁₀/g lung) Alum placebo 3.2 0.5 Iscomatrix ™placebo 3.1 0.3 RSV Subunit 1 μg with Alum 0.0 0.0 RSV Subunit 10 μgwith Alum 0.0 0.0 RSV Subunit 1 μg with Iscomatrix ™ 0.0 0.0 RSV Subunit10 μg with Iscomatrix ™ 0.0 0.0

[0157] TABLE 5 Serum Neutralization Titres in Balb/c Mice 4 Week Bleed 6Week Bleed Mean titre Std. Dev. Mean titre Std. Dev. Group (log₂) (log₂)(log₂) (log₂) Alum placebo 3.0¹ 0.0 3.0 0.0 Iscomatrix ™ placebo 3.0 0.03.0 0.0 PCPP placebo (200 μg) ND ND 3.0 0.0 DC-Chol placebo (200 μg) NDND 3.0 0.0 RSV Subunit 0.1 μg with no adjuvant ND ND 3.0 0.0 RSV Subunit0.1 μg with Alum ND ND 10.3 0.9 RSV Subunit 1 μg with Alum 6.5 0.6 8.71.0 RSV Subunit 10 μg with Alum 8.0 1.1 9.5 1.1 RSV Subunit 1 μg withIscomatrix ™ 8.2 0.8 13.2 1.0 RSV Subunit 10 μg with Iscomatrix ™ 10.41.3 13.4 0.6 RSV Subunit 1 μg with PCPP (200 μg) ND ND 15.0 0.6 RSVSubunit 0.5 μg with DC-Chol (200 μg) ND ND 11.7 1.1

[0158] TABLE 6 Serum Anti-F Titres in Balb/c Mice 4 Week Bleed 6 WeekBleed Mean titre Std. Dev. Mean titre Std. Dev. Group (log₂titre/100)(log₂titre/100) (log₂titre/100) (log₂titre/100) Alum placebo 0.5 1.2 0.00.0 Iscomatrix ™ placebo 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 PCPP placebo (200 μg) 0.0 0.00.0 0.0 DC-Chol placebo (200 μg) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 RSV Subunit 0.1 μg withno adjuvant 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 RSV Subunit 0.1 μg with Alum 7.0 1.0 12.40.9 RSV Subunit 1 μg with Alum 8.7 0.8 11.4 0.8 RSV Subunit 10 μg withAlum 9.7 0.8 12.3 1.0 RSV Subunit 1 μg with Iscomatrix ™ 8.5 0.6 13.30.5 RSV Subunit 10 μg with Iscomatrix ™ 10.0 0.0 13.0 0.0 RSV Subunit 1μg with PCPP (200 μg) 10.2 0.8 14.0 0.7 RSV Subunit 0.5 μg with DC-Chol(200 μg) 9.7 1.4 13.0 1.0

[0159] TABLE 7 Lung Virus Titres in Balb/c Mice Mean titre Std. Dev.Group (log₁₀/g lung) (log₁₀/g lung) Alum placebo 4.1 0.2Iscomatrix ™placebo 3.5 0.1 PCPP placebo (200 μg) 5.2 0.2 DC-Cholplacebo (200 μg) 5.0 0.3 RSV Subunit 0.1 μg with no adjuvant 5.3 0.1 RSVSubunit 0.1 μg with Alum <1.7¹ 1.7 RSV Subunit 1 μg with Alum <1.7 1.7RSV Subunit 10 μg with Alum <1.7 1.7 RSV Subunit 1 μg with Iscomatrix ™<1.7 1.7 RSV Subunit 10 μg with Iscomatrix ™ <1.7 1.7 RSV Subunit 1 μgwith PCPP (200 μg) <1.7 1.7 RSV Subunit 0.5 μg with DC-Chol (200 μg)<1.7 1.7

[0160] TABLE 8 Serum Neutralization Titres in African Green Monkeys 3Week Bleed 5 Week Bleed 7 Week Bleed Mean Std Mean Std Mean Std. titreDev. titre Dev. titre Dev. Group (log₂) (log₂) (log₂) (log₂) (log₂)(log₂) Alum placebo 3.3 0.0 3.3 0.0 3.3 0.0 Iscomatrix^(™ placebo) 3.30.0 3.3 0.0 3.3 0.0 RSV Subunit 100 μg 11.3 1.3 14.6 1.3 11.5 1.4 withAlum RSV Subunit 100 μg 10.8 0.7 15.1 0.1 11.9 0.5 with Iscomatrix ™

[0161] TABLE 9 Serum Anti-F Titres in African Green Monkeys 3 Week Bleed5 Week Bleed 7 Week Bleed Mean Std Mean Std Mean Std. titre Dev. titreDev. titre Dev. (log₂ (log₂ (log₂ (log₂ (log₂ (log₂ titre/ titre/ titre/titre/ titre/ titre/ Group 100) 100) 100) 100) 100) 100) Alum placebo0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Iscomatrix ™ placebo 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 RSVSubunit 100 μg 6.5 1.9 9.3 1.0 9.0 1.2 with Alum RSV Subunit 100 μg 5.51.0 9.8 0.5 9.5 1.0 with Iscomatrix ™

[0162] TABLE 10 Serum Antibodies Directed against RSV A and RSV B GMTand 95% CI 100 μg dose/adjuvant 1.5 mg Control Day Antibody GMT LowerUpper GMT Lower Upper Day 0 NA to RSV A 1987.1 1633.5 2417.2 1818.21551.5 2130.7 Day 0 NA to RSV B 1510.4 1246.6 1830.1 1564.1 1348 1814.8Day 0 Anti-F 72093.5 60307 86183.6 73234.6 62631.9 85632.2 Day 0 Anti-G69710.9 57795.3 84083.1 76336.9 64091.2 90922.5 Day 32 NA to RSV A7627.4 6298.9 9236 1731.4 1485.7 2017.8 Day 32 NA to RSV B 4994.6 4136.96030.2 1552 1331.2 1809.3 Day 32 Anti-F 311418.1 262682.4 369195.973542.3 62794 86130.3 Day 32 Anti-G 193516.7 161887.9 231325 7411162145.5 88380.4 Day 60 NA to RSV A 7495.5 6277.4 8950 1808 1539.1 2123.8Day 60 Anti-F 314135.9 267418 369015.4 75367.1 64209 88464.2 Day 60Anti-G 175019 147707.2 207380.9 80217.7 67060 959457.1 Day 180 NA to RSVA 4718.7 3936.5 5656.3 2276 1881.9 2752.8 Day 180 Anti-F 205150.6174134.9 241690.6 79623.8 66378.5 95512.1 Day 180 Anti-G 126833.4106591.3 150919.5 74767.5 61397.6 91048.9

[0163] TABLE 11 Greater than or Equal to Two Fold increase antibodytitre 100 μg/adjuvant Control Day Antibody N % N % Day 32/Day 0 NA toRSV A 86 76.11 1 0.93 Day 32/Day 0 NA to RSV B 77 68.14 0 0 Day 32/Day 0NA to RSV A 70 61.95 0 0 and RSV B Day 32/Day 0 Anti-F 92 81.42 2 1.87Day 32/Day 0 Anti-G 70 61.95 5 4.67 Day 60/Day 0 NA to RSV A 88 80 43.85 Day 60/Day 0 Anti-F 97 88.18 2 1.92 Day 60/Day 0 Anti-G 62 56.36 54.81 Day 180/Day 0 NA to RSV A 63 60 14 14 Day 180/Day 0 Anti-F 71 67.628 8 Day 180/Day 0 Anti-G 38 36.19 7 7

[0164] TABLE 12 Greater than or Equal to Four Fold increase in antibodytitre 100 μg/adjuvant Control Day Antibody N % N % Day 32/Day 0 NA toRSV A 50 44.25 0 0 Day 32/Day 0 NA to RSV B 40 35.4 0 0 Day 32/Day 0 NAto RSV A 35 30.97 0 0 and RSV B Day 32/Day 0 Anti-F 52 46.02 1 0.93 Day32/Day 0 Anti-G 32 28.32 0 0 Day 60/Day 0 NA to RSV A 49 44.55 1 0.96Day 60/Day 0 Anti-F 52 47.27 2 1.92 Day 60/Day 0 Anti-G 28 25.45 0 0 Day180/Day 0 NA to RSV A 24 22.86 3 3 Day 180/Day 0 Anti-F 32 30.48 4 4 Day180/Day 0 Anti-G 14 13.33 3 3

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What we claim is:
 1. A mixture of purified fusion (F) protein,attachment (G) protein and matrix (M) protein of respiratory syncytialvirus (RSV).
 2. The mixture of claim 1 wherein said fusion (F) proteincomprises multimeric fusion (F) proteins.
 3. The mixture of claim 2wherein, when analyzed under non-reducing conditions, said multimericfusion (F) protein includes heterodimers of molecular weightapproximately 70 kDa and dimeric and trimeric forms.
 4. The mixture ofclaim 1 wherein, when analyzed under non-reducing conditions, saidattachment (G) protein comprises G protein of molecular weightapproximately 95 kDa and G protein of molecular weight approximately 55kDa and oligomeric G protein.
 5. The mixture of claim 1 wherein, whenanalyzed by SDS-PAGE under non-reducing conditions, said matrix (M)protein comprises M protein of molecular weight approximately 28 to 34kDa.
 6. The mixture of claim 1 wherein, when analyzed by reducedSDS-PAGE analysis, said fusion (E) protein comprises F₁ of molecularweight approximately 48 kDa and F₂ of molecular weight approximately 23kDa, said attachment (G) protein comprises a G protein of molecularweight approximately 95 kDa and a G protein of molecular weightapproximately 55 kDa, and said matrix (M) protein comprises an M proteinof approximately 31 kDa.
 7. The mixture of claim 1 wherein said F, G andM proteins are present in the relative proportions of: F from about 35to about 70 wt % G from about 2 to about 30 wt % M from about 10 toabout 50 wt %.
 8. The mixture of claim 7, wherein, when analyzed bySDS-PACE under reducing conditions and silver stained, the ratio of F₁of molecular weight approximately 48 kDa to F₂ of molecular weightapproximately 23 kDa is between 1:1 to about 2:1 by scanningdensitometry.
 9. The mixture of claim 7 which is at least about 75%pure.
 10. The mixture of claim 1 which is devoid of monoclonalantibodies.
 11. The mixture of claim 1 which is devoid of lentil lectinand concanavalin A.
 12. The mixture of claim 1 wherein said RSV proteinsare non-denatured.
 13. The mixture of claim 1 wherein said RSV proteinsare from one or both of subtypes RSV A and RSV B.
 14. A coisolated andcopurified mixture of non-denatured proteins of respiratory syncytialvirus (RSV), consisting essentially of the fusion (F) protein,attachment (G) protein and matrix (N) protein of RSV, wherein themixture is free from lectins and is free from monoclonal antibodies. 15.An Immunogenic composition comprising an immunoeffective amount of themixture of claim
 1. 16. The immunogenic composition of claim 15formulated as a vaccine for in vivo administration to a host to conferprotection against RSV.
 17. The immunogenic composition of claim 15further comprising at least one adjuvant or at least oneimmunomodulator.
 18. The immunogenic composition of claim 17 wherein theat least one adjuvant is selected from the group consisting of aluminumphosphate, aluminum hydroxide, QS21, Quil A or derivatives or componentsthereof, calcium phosphate, calcium hydroxide, zinc hydroxide, aglycolipid analog, an octodecyl ester of an amino acid, a muramyldipeptide, a lipoprotein, polyphosphazene, ISCOM matrix, DC-chol, DDAand bacterial toxins or derivatives thereof.
 19. The immunogeniccomposition of claim 16 wherein the host is a primate.
 20. Theimmunogenic composition of claim 19 wherein the primate is a human. 21.The immunogenic composition of claim 15 further comprising at least oneadditional immunogen.
 22. The immunogenic composition of claim 21wherein said at least one additional immunogen comprises at least onehuman parainfluenza virus (PIV) protein selected from the groupconsisting of PIV-1, PIV-2 and PIV-3.
 23. A method of generating animmune response in a host, comprising administering thereto animmunoeffective amount of the immunogenic composition of claim
 15. 24.The method of claim 23 wherein said immunogenic composition isformulated as a vaccine for in vivo administration to the host and saidadministration to the host confers protection against respiratorysyncytial virus.
 25. A method for producing a vaccine for protectionagainst respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), comprising: administering theimmunogenic composition of claim 15 to a test host to determine theamount of and frequency of administration thereof to confer protectionagainst disease caused by RSV; and formulating the immunogeniccomposition in a form suitable for administration to a treated host inaccordance with said determined amount and frequency of administration.26. The method of claim 25 wherein the treated host is a human.
 27. Amethod of producing monoclonal antibodies specific for fusion (F)protein, attachment (G) protein and matrix (M) protein of respiratorysyncytial virus (RSV), comprising: (a) administering an immunogeniccomposition of claim 15 to at least one mouse to produce at least oneimmunized mouse; (b) removing B-lymphocytes from the at least oneimmunized mouse; (c) fusing the B-lymphocytes from the at least oneimmunized mouse with myeloma cells, thereby producing hybridomas; (d)cloning the hybridomas which produce a selected anti-RSV proteinantibody; (e) culturing the selected anti-RSV protein antibody-producingclones; and (f) isolating anti-RSV protein antibodies from the selectedcultures.
 28. A method of producing a coisolated and copurified mixtureof proteins of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), which comprises:growing RSV on cells in a culture medium; separating the grown virusfrom the culture medium; solubilizing at least the fusion (F) protein,attachment (G) protein and the matrix (M) protein from the separatedvirus; and coisolating and copurifying the solubilized RSV proteins. 29.The method of claim 28 wherein said coisolation and copurification areeffected by: loading the solubilized proteins onto an ion-exchangematrix; and selectively coeluting the F, G and M proteins from theion-exchange matrix.
 30. The method of claim 29 wherein saidion-exchange matrix is a hydroxyapatite matrix.
 31. The method of claim28 wherein said grown virus is washed with urea to remove contaminantswithout substantial removal of F, G and M proteins prior tosolubilization step.
 32. The method of claim 29 including contactingsaid eluted F, G and M proteins with an anion exchange matrix to removeany residual DNA.
 33. A method of determining the presence in a sampleof antibodies specifically reactive with a fusion (F) protein,attachment (G) protein or matrix (M) protein of respiratory syncytialvirus (RSV), comprising the steps of: (a) contacting the sample with themixture of claim 1 to produce complexes comprising a respiratorysyncytial virus protein and any said antibodies present in the samplespecifically reactive therewith; and (b) determining production of thecomplexes.
 34. A method of determining the presence in a sample of an F,G or M protein of respiratory syncytial virus, comprising the steps of:(a) immunizing a subject with the immunogenic composition of claim 15 toproduce antibodies specific for F, G and M proteins of RSV; (b)contacting the sample with the antibodies to produce complexescomprising any RSV protein present in the sample and said proteinspecific antibodies; and (c) determining production of complexes.
 35. Adiagnostic kit for determining the presence of antibodies in a samplespecifically reactive with a fusion (F) protein, attachment (G) proteinor a matrix (M) protein of respiratory syncytial virus comprising: (a) amixture of claim 1; (b) means for contacting the immunogenic compositionwith the sample to produce complexes comprising a respiratory syncytialvirus protein and any said antibodies present in the sample; and (c)means for determining production of the complexes.
 36. A mixture ofpurified fusion (F) protein, attachment (G) protein and matrix (M)protein of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) for use as a pharmaceuticalsubstance in a vaccine against disease caused by infection withrespiratory syncytial virus.